almost all governments from time to time, a more modern concept of international relations recognizes the role of non governmental entities both individuals and organizations in the addressing of transnational issues. It is the role of these NGOs that is addressed by the authors in these two articles, because the conduct of international relations is no longer the sole prerogative of governments, although each author acknowledged that no effective international actions will occur in the absence of participation by governments.
Kausikan (1993, pp. 24 41) especially recognized that the conduct of international relations is also related to international law. In his article, he noted that it is through international law that transnational agreements have been reached in some uncontroversial areas, such as telecommunications, mail, health, weather forecasting, air transportation, and sea transportation. The application of international law in controversial issues and issues that are perceived to impinge on national sovereignty, however, has proved to be notably ineffective according to Ka
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