ly reviewed. The author concluded that reliable evidence is needed before the results can be put into action (p. 635).
Lopez and Emmer (2000) offer the contemporary view that a valid study of juvenile criminal behavior must include an integrated approach. This theoretical frame of reference may be used to help study and understand causes and treatment of violent juvenile crime. The authors state that an integrated or "grounded" theory is necessary for the comprehensive study of cognition, emotion, and the contexts of delinquent crime (pp. 292-294).
Most theories have tended to study criminal behavior from the situational perspective, employing contextual cues, and ignoring the cognitive and emotional components. Alternatively, symbolic interaction investigations have focused on the individual's definition and subjective interpretation of the crime situation. This more recent focus on crime study has included the social learning theory, neutralization theory, and rational choice theory, which all include the role of cognition. An integrat
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