a part of the national independence movement (Haddad, 1985).
Interestingly enough, although feminism was associated with national independence, fundamentalists have associated it with Western colonialism, and the Western world. Consequently, many Egyptian women have reacted by readopting symbols of Muslim identity, such as the veil, which were rejected by feminists during the 1920s and 1930s. Smith (1994) noted that this is also associated with economic changes in which education of the population, including women, and an influx of people from rural areas led to a glut on the labor market. One of the responses was a reassertion of traditional Islamic values in which women were valued pri
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