of Staff, General George C. Marshall. Regarding Marshall's contribution, it has been claimed: "First among equals on the Anglo-American Combined Chiefs of Staff, he became, with Roosevelt and Churchill, one of the principal Western strategists of [the] war" (Schaffer, 1985, p. 7). The overall military command of the Allied Expeditionary Force (AEF) in Europe was placed in the capable hands of General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Britain's Royal Air Force (RAF) was led by Air Marshal Arthur "Butch" Harris, and America's Army Air Force (AAF) was led by General Henry "Hap" Arnold. The U.S. 8th Air Force, with General Ira C. Eaker as its commander, was made responsible for carrying out the bombing campaign in Europe (Stokesbury, 1980, p. 280). Other American air leaders in Europe included General James Doolittle, who took over as chief of the 8th Air Force in December, 1943, and General Carl "Tooey" Spaatz, who was chief of the 15th Air Force. All of these men were sound military leaders who, despite differences of opinion, were ab
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