a's movement toward a market-like economy that would bring it closer to the United States was characterized by the several remarkable production increases. China achieved "first place" in terms of the production of specific commodities, including coal, cement, television sets, cotton and cotton cloth, several types of meats and food products, rapeseed, and tobacco (Xueyi, p. 276). Until 1990, the Chinese GNP grew steadily, largely as a result of reform and the opening up of the country to the world market; the average growth rate approached 8.35 percent, GNP increased by more than 1.60 times, the average growth rate of productivity reached 5.42 percent, and the capital-output ratio grew steadily at an annual rate of 0.8 percent, higher than that o
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