NDUS

First it changed the face of England. Areas that for centuries had been cultivated as open fields or had lain untended as common pasture, were hedged and fenced. Chimney stacks from factories began to dot the horizon. Roads were built and made stronger, straighter and wider. In the north great railways were laid down to give way to the new locomotives. Steamboats began to float the narrow seas. Changes in society mirrored the changes in the landscape. The number of people increased. The growth of the population shifted new communities to the North and the Midlands. Immigrants poured in from Scotland and Ireland. People born and raised in the traditional countryside came to live crowded together as units in the labor force of factories. The work they did became specialized and new skills needed to be learned. New sources of raw materials began to be exploited. The currency became gol

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orthwestern Europe by the eighteenth century. A large seam of coal ran from Britain through Belgium and northern France through the Ruhr valley in Germany. Iron ore deposits also existed in Western Europe, in some cases close to the coal sources. Western Europe also had abundant wool and, through already established colonial trade, initial access to cotton. “The only pure cotton industry known to Europe in the early eighteenth century was that of India, whose products (“calicoes”) the Eastern trading companies sold abroad and at home, where they were bitterly opposed by the domestic manufacturers of wool, linen, and silk,” (Hobsbawm, 1968: 41). Within the larger western European context there were several features in Britain that made it the place of the start of the Industrial Revolution. Population growth was extremely rapid in the eighteenth century. Its effects, in terms of freeing up available labor were magnified by major changes in agriculture. British land-lords successfully pried away land from small holding farmers through the government’s Enclosure Acts. “It spread from perishes where the occupiers were few to those where there was many; it was necessary to proceed by Act of Parliament instead of by deed of
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Approximate Word count = 2162
Approximate Pages = 9 (250 words per page)