ODD

Oppositional Defiance or Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a pattern or negative, hostile and defiant behavior that is observable for periods of longer than six months. According to the DSM IV, during this period of time four or more of the following symptoms are present:

Often actively defies or refuses to comply with adults’ requests or rules

Often blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehavior

Is often touchy or easily annoyed by others

The adolescent who exhibits ODD often has significant trouble functioning in social, academic, or occupational endeavors. Children with ODD are considered to have a disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) and ODD is thought to emerge because the individual afflicted often internalizes problems more than controls. ODD can be a co-condition of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but studies show there are differences in adolescents with one or the other and gender differences were also found. In a study of 57 boys and girls with ADHD and 94 boys and girls with ODD, using teacher ratings of symptoms, social functioning and Achenbach Teacher’s Report Form Scales, “Children with ADHD-C/ODD received the poorest ratings on all variables. In pure groups, children with ODD were rated as learning more, working har

. . .
es” (When The, 1999, 1). Nonetheless, many children seem to be oppositional and defiant from birth with few if any external factors affecting the behavior. Sutton (When The, 1999, 1-2) theorizes that this is because of some internalization of resentment to authority or faulty internalized perceptions when it comes to the child’s belief of adult expectations about their performance, “Unknowingly, we have become much too conditional in the way we regard our children. Too many kids today feel that they have to produce or somehow earn recognition from their parents, and they are troubled and resentful about it.” When it comes to taking a cognitive approach to ODD, the views of Piaget’s cognitive development theory are important in gaining a fuller understanding of the developmental challenges encountered in those 6-13 years of age. Piaget’s theory is a stage theory of development where the child experiences different stages as they mature into adult thinkers. The ages of 6-13 encompass Piaget’s preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. At each stage the child is face with a task that must be successfully achieved if they are to move on to the next stage properly developed (i.e., emotionally and psyc
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Approximate Word count = 1490
Approximate Pages = 6 (250 words per page)

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