associated with a conflict-free parent-child mutual attachment. This attachment is associated with the youth’s identification with parental conventional values, and this association is, in turn, related to the youth’s development of risk-resistant personality traits” (Brook, Whiteman, Balka, Win and Gursen, 1998, p. 14).
These kinds of personality traits better equip the adolescent to choose non-drug using peers and to involve themselves with peers who do not exhibit delinquent behavior. However, this is important for counseling because three aspects of the parent-child relationship are related to delinquency and drug use, “low parent-child cohesiveness and high conflict, low parental identification, and modeling of parental substance use” (Brook, et al., 1998, p. 14). However, the parental domain is also compounded with respect to impact on the adolescent by the ecology domain. Aspects in the ecology domain that may relate to adolescent delinque
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