Society is a human-made phenomenon. However, for most societies throughout most eras, the norms, values and standards reinforced by societies have been those of the dominant social class, i.e. typically a white, wealthy male status-quo. Through social institutions such as government, school, church and the economy, these norms, values and standards are transmitted from one generation to the next. However, these norms, values and standards typically disenfranchise non-dominant groups in society such as women and minorities. Many black and female writers have written novels, essays and other types of works that are devoted to the theme of forming an identity and positive self-image in the midst of a dominant culture whose norms and values often impede this development. This analysis will discuss this issue using the writings of Nella Larsen, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Booker T. Washington in order to demonstrate how these individuals dealt with this challenge.
In Nella Larson’s Quicksand, we see that the conditions described above often create a psychic dualism in non-dominant classes in society. Forming an identity when one is black and/or female in a primarily white value-norm structure creates a psychological schism that must be overcome in order for the individual to re-establish their own identity and voice in an often hostile and racist environment. Yet, despite her belief in unity as a means of community and solidarity of heritage, Larsen is aware that the psychological dualism exists not only because of the relationship of whites and blacks but also among blacks themselves. We see this when she begins to have little tolerance of admiration for her friends, even the “gentle” Anne. Anne is all for social equality and equal opportunity and she typically disdains all things white and elevates all things black. However, Helga observes the inconsistencies of personality that exist within Anne, ones she views as hypocritic...