Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing food molecules such as glucose to carbon dioxide and water (Kimball).

Energy is released in the form of ATP, which is used for all the energy consuming processes of the cell.

Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Phosphorylation

There are two stages to the process: glycolysis, which is the breakdown of glucose from the diet to pyruvic acid and the complete oxidation of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water. In eukaryotes, glycolysis takes place in the cytosol and the remaining processes take place in the mitochondria. The outer membrane of mitochondria contains complexes of integral membrane proteins which form channels through which a variety of molecules enter and leave. The inner membrane contains five complexes of integral membrane proteins: NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome c oxidase, and ATP synthase. The matrix contains a mixture of soluble enzymes that catalyze the respiration of pyruvic acid and other small organic molecules.

In glycolysis, there are two separate phases: the first is the chemical priming phase requiring energy in the form of ATP, and the second is the energy-yielding phase (Devlin; King). In the first phase, 2 equivalents of ATP are used to convert glucose to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. In the second phase, the fructose 1,6- bisphosphate is degraded to pyruvate with the production of 4 equivalent

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rough the conducting passages (bronchi, bronchioles) between the atmosphere and the lungs. The air is moved through the passages by pressure gradients that are produced by contractions of the diaphragm and the thoracic muscles. External respiration is the exchange of gases in the lungs and the blood in the surrounding capillaries. Oxygen is taken out of the air and diffuses into the capillaries from the alveoli, the air sacs in the lung, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the capillaries into to alveolar air and is expelled on exhalation (Applegate). The surfaces in the lung where this gaseous exchange takes place constitute the respiratory membrane. The rate of exchange across the respiratory membrane depends on the surface area of the respiratory membrane, the solubility of the gas, and the difference in partial pressure of the gas on the two sides of the membrane. Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the tissue cells and the blood in the tissue capillaries (Applegate). Blood pumped from the left side of the heart to the tissue capillaries has a higher concentration of oxygen that the tissues, and so oxygen diffuses from the blood to the tissues. On the venous side, the concentration of carbon dioxid

Category: Science - C