nd launder. Most significantly, students were forbidden to speak their native languages even among themselves. The teaching of Native American students was deliberately intended to inculcate the beliefs that Native Americans were an uncivilized group of people that needed to conform to the civilized ways of the white people. Furthermore, students were also required to convert to Christianity. Essentially, the white educators believed that the Native Americans could only become disciplined and respectable people by adopting Christian principles and behavior (Heuman, 1965; Lindsey, 1995). Native American students who rebelled against these rules and the values of the dominant culture were severely punished (Adams, 1995).
Furthermore, an "outing" system was included in the educational program in which students stayed with non-Indian families during the summer break from boarding schools. These students were expected to do farming and domestic chores for the families. According to the educators, the "outing" system was effective in ensuring the c
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