, and often mutism" in direct contrast to the suspicious and jumpy behavior of paranoid schizophrenics (Torrey, 1988, p. 77, in Steven, 2000b, p. 4). By these descriptions, schizophrenia appears to be a broad umbrella term that can encapsulate a wide variety of contradictory characteristics. Without the validity of objective tests, psychiatrists take great license in diagnosing mental illnesses such as schizophrenia regardless of the inherent contradictory nature of the diagnostic criteria (Stevens, 2000b, p. 5).
Nonetheless, the biomedical model of mental illness is establishing in psychiatric hospitals in which psychiatrists are expected to produce a clear-cut diagnosis effectively and efficiently. Although mental illnesses may be highly complex and defy diagnostic categories, psychiatrists are trained to perceive mental illnesses as physical illnesses with diagnoses. With time, even though no medical tests can be used to validate the diagnoses of mental illnesses, young psychiatrists overcome their uncert
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