Blood
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5.1 Blood consists of plasma, which constitutes 55 percent of its volume, and red blood cells which make up roughly 45 percent of the remaining volume, with a small percentage of the volume contributed by white cells and platelets (Applegate, 2000, 227). The plasma is about 90 percent water, and the other 10 percent is composed of more than 100 different organic and inorganic solutes. The constituents of plasma are constantly changing because it is a transport medium. The most abundant solutes are plasma proteins which normally remain in the blood or interstitial fluid. The three major classes of plasma proteins are albumins (60 percent), globulins (36 percent), and fibrinogen (4 percent). Other solutes of plasma include nutrients, hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide, antibodies, and electrolytes. Interstitial fluid is composed of the fluid and solutes which have escaped from the capillaries (Applegate, 2000, 263). Its composition varies depending on the blood flow through the capillaries, the amounts and types of nutrients flowing from the capillaries to the tissue cells, and the amounts and types of waste products flowing from the tissue cells into the capillaries. All these flow through the interstitial fluid, so its compositions is dynamic. Large proteins cannot pass through the capillary walls, so there tend to be less of them in the interstitial fluid than in the blood. Lymph is similar in composition to blood plasma, and is derived from plasma as it passes thro
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ns to take place (Applegate, 2000, 336). Keratin is produced in the outer cell layers of the skin (Applegate, 2000, 77-79). The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium, and as the cells are pushed upwards from the basement membrane toward the surface by the growing cells near the basement membrane, they receive less nutrients, and undergo keratinization. In this process, the protein keratin is deposited in the cells, and the chemical compositions of the cells changes. The cells also change shape, becoming more elongated and flat. By the time they reach the epidermal surface, they are squamous shaped and dead from lack of nutrients. These cells gradually become sloughed off, and replaced by another generation of keratinized cells, but meanwhile the keratin is a tough, water-repellant protein, and its inclusion in the stratum corneum provides protection against water loss.
Lysozyme is an enzyme which attacks bacterial cell walls, breaking down the carbohydrate chains and destroying the structural integrity of the cell walls (Goodsell, 2004). Lysozyme is present in tears and mucus to resist infection at exposed surfaces, and is present in the blood. In the stomach, hydrochloric acid is produced to aid digestion and
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Some common words found in the essay are:
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Approximate Word count = 1993
Approximate Pages = 8 (250 words per page)
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