volves. Through the application of this approach, a teacher can present problems to individuals, where the imagination of the individuals can be employed in the development of solutions and where the teacher can discuss decisions of the individuals being taught in order to provide guidance. This approach to learning has been described as "a period of observation leading to understanding. By observing the problem for a while and thinking about it, the subject is able to solve it" (Poffenberger, 1992, pp. 242-243).
Skinner (p. 34) viewed the causal chain of behavior as a three-link process. The first link was an operation performed on an organism from without, while the second link was an inner psychological condition. The third link was a specific behavior. While complete, accurate, and independent information concerning the second link would permit prediction of the third link-- behavior--without recourse to the first link, s
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