Segmented
Managerial Small group Individual
emphasis manager
Participation Quality circles Management by
objectives
Project teams Used extensively Used sparingly
Structure Low High
Hierarchy Flat tendencies Tall tendencies
Materials Just In Time Stockpiling management
(Ouchi, 1981, p. 58; Peters, & Waterman, 1982,
pp. 126 127, 133, 269 270; Pascale, & Athos,
1981, pp. 28 57, 116 149; Sadhwani, Sarhan, & Kiringoda, 1985, pp. 36 39, 42 44)
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characteristics are important, others may be of greater significance in explaining the success of Japanese firms, and of their American subsidiaries in the application of Japanese management practices and techniques. These
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