Face and Culture
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In a country such as the United States, so many people and cultures coexist that the potential for becoming involved in an intercultural intimate relationship is great. As the world becomes more global in its economic, business, and technical dealings, there is an even greater mix of cultures and traditions. Intercultural intimate relationships deserve special study then, as issues which arise between the two individuals may be viewed differently based on the upbringing of each. Actual ethnic differences may not be as important as cultural differences which affect attitudes, behaviors, and communication. These items are fundamental to a relationship and therefore if very dissimilar could affect marital satisfaction and discord. One aspect dependent on culture and relating to a person's self-concept and function is that of face. The conceptualization itself of face is strongly influenced by cultural values and communication styles but involves the presentation of the self to others and is shown through behavior and communication, both verbal and nonverbal. Ting Toomey has identified two concerns of face. The first involves which face is being presented: self-face, other-face, or mutual-face. The second is the varying types of face: positive and negative. Negative face "focuses on the negotiation process between two interdependent parties concerning the degree of threat or respect each give to the other's sense of freedom and
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ual is the major generative mechanism for behavior in collectivistic cultures; (2) personal self-esteem is important in influencing behavior in individualistic societies; collective self-esteem is important in collectivistic; (3) shame is the predominant emotional response to threats to personal or collective self-esteem; (4) the need for autonomy and boundaries is the major face need in individualistic cultures; the major face need in collectivistic societies is inclusion and approval; (5) independent face is more important in individualistic cultures; interdependent is in collectivistic; (6) in individualist cultures, members are concerned with the immediate affects on the relationship; members of collectivistic cultures are concerned with the affects on the life of the relationship (Morisaki & Gudykunst, 1994, 55).
Individualist cultures express more self-face maintenance and use more autonomy-preserving, direct conflict resolution strategies while members of collectivist cultures use greater mutual- and other-face maintenance and independent, approval-seeking conflict strategies.
In regards to communication, individualist societies tend to use low-text communication, and collectivist societies use high-text communication
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Some common words found in the essay are:
Morisaki Gudykunst, Americanized Meanwhile, Dion Dion, Japan China, , Ting Toomey, Literature Review, Ting-Toomey Ed, Kim Heyman, K Dion, et al, gudykunst et, gudykunst et al, al 1996, et al 1996, morisaki gudykunst, morisaki gudykunst 1994, collectivistic societies, gudykunst 1994, al 1996 517, 1996 517, low-context communication, individualistic collectivistic, cultural i-c, gudykunst 1994 50,
Approximate Word count = 2213
Approximate Pages = 9 (250 words per page)
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