Martial arts and History
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Martial arts is simply defined as the arts of warfare (de Castro, Orpeza & Rhodes, 1993; Ross, 1999). For example, in Japan, while samurai were engaged in swordplay, karate-do ("way of the empty hand,") was secretly taught to weaponless peasants for self-defense (de Castro, et. al., 1993). Tae kyon ("push shoulder") in Korea, as well as Kali in the Philippines, were outlawed by conquering nations desiring a defenseless population (1993). In fact, General MacArthur outlawed the Greater Japanese Martial Arts Association and banned martial arts in Japanese schools at the conclusion of WWII (Neide, 1995). Such deliberate prohibition assumes that the study of the martial arts is synonymous with combat training. A closer look, however, reveals an art that has a philosophy based in an elaborate blend of ancient codes of conduct, ethics and a spirituality that appears to be a fusion of Daoism, Zen Buddhism, and Confucianism (Ross, 1999; Holcombe, 1993). Indeed, some of elements involved in Sun Tzu's Art of War require the generals to make sure that in all things there is "right conduct" (Griffith, 1971). Often, the respect and right conduct of Confucianist thought balances out the "Doing/Not Doing" or living in the moment aspect of Daoism and Zen Buddhism (Ross, 1999). Making the leap from East to West, this merge of physical and spiritual mastery has become a booming industry in the U.S. (de Castro, et. al., 1993) as well as capturing the imagination of the fi
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spite of the fact that he is generally in action/comedy films, he nevertheless incorporates his particular type of martial arts with his value system. His "Jackie Chan Kung Fu School" website states 10 regulations that must be followed to be a student:
1) Respect and obey your master
2) Learn by heart
3) Return good to evil
4) Practice hard
5) Practice benevolence constantly
6) Never bully and oppress the weak
7) No adultery
8) No excessive drinking and smoking
9) Never be rash and crude
10) Never shadow box recklessly ("Jackie Chan...," 2001, par. 4).
Jet Li's career was started when he was arbitrarily assigned to learn martial arts as a child. Furthermore, having studied under Wushu philosophy, he follows in the Wushu tradition in presenting the tenets of loyalty and truth in his personal life as well as onscreen ("Jet Li. . .," 2001) and describes himself as quiet, well mannered and obedient ("Biography. . ., 2001). The star of the Once Upon a Time in China series, Li carries these traits, born out of the Wushu tradition of patience and perseverance, into his characterization of Wong Fei Hong or whoever else he portrays. These characters often must struggle between doing their best to be loyal to fam
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Some common words found in the essay are:
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Approximate Word count = 2814
Approximate Pages = 11 (250 words per page)
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