wlby in Field, 1996, pp. 543-4). As described by Erikson, the babies no longer trusted their parents to be an available source of support.
During this stage, the toddlers have acquired various skills and abilities that allow them to exhibit their independence and individuality. They learn about the proper balance of "letting go" and "holding on" in various activities, such as toileting, feeding, walking, and exploring. Excessive control by other people, especially parents, will result in the development of doubt and shame in the children (Erikson, 1993, pp. 251-4).
Apart from this model, parents and their style of raising children play an influential role in shaping
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