spension, expulsion and corporal punishment are highly ineffective in decreasing the occurrence of disciplinary problems and increasing the safety of the school environment. Excluding dangerous students from the school settings through suspensions and expulsions without providing them with any training or motivation to adopt alternative behaviors does not help them change. In fact, these students often persist in adopting dangerous behaviors, often out of resentment and hostility towards school principals, teachers and students. Many drop out of school prematurely (NASP "Punish-Based Discipline"). Corporal punishment also triggers similar negative outcomes in its failure to teach students to engage in appropriate behaviors. Moreover, students often become so resentful that they are unwilling to work with the school principals and teachers in the future (Cotton "Ineffective Disciplinary Practices").
Just as importantly, punitive approaches do not compel school administrators and teachers to conduct a critical self-reflection to identify the origin of the students' disciplinary problems and assess the schools' role in creating the problem. Schools may need to alter their schoolwide and classroom practices in order to improve the student
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