e emotions to human nature. Thus, positive emotions are dismissed as unconscious processes that do not serve any intrinsic purpose. The prevalent image of a happy person is one who indulges in useless daydreams and accomplishes nothing. However, Fredrickson (1998) points out that a new model of analyzing emotions should be established to recognize the key qualities of positive emotions: 1) Positive emotions generate nonspecific action tendencies, leading to playful activities that do not have a relationship to specific emotions; and 2) Positive emotions exert a large impact on cognitive activity that should also be acknowledged in the study of positive emotions. Furthermore, a person may engage in physical activity after a period of thinking (pp. 304-5).
C. Bipolarity of positive and negative emotions
The failure of Fredrickson to consider the interrelatedness of positive and negative emotions is addressed by Russell and Carroll (1999) in their article discussing the debate on the bipolarity of positive and negative emotions. Russell and
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