rious theories of human development often tend to view people as either active or passive in interactions with their environments (Cohen, 1987). Behaviorism is a passive concept of human development (Sugarman, 1986). Behaviorism emphasizes the critical significance of one's environment to the overall development of the individual. Active concepts of human development, in contrast with passive concepts, hold that individuals are not passive beings, but, rather, are capable of actively governing their own development. Cognitive development theory is an active concept of human development (Lidz, 1983).
All life-stage theories of human development are concerned with the aging process. Within this context, three type
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