The Anatomy of the Swallowing Process

The anatomic areas involved in swallowing include the oral cavity, the pharynx, the larynx, and the esophagus (Logemann, 1998). The oral cavity includes the lips, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, mandible, floor of the mouth, tongue, and faucial arches (13). The pockets created by the natural juxtaposition of structures are important because in dysphagia they are where food or liquid may collect and remain after swallowing, e.g. between the alveolus and cheek or lip superiorly and inferiorly, between the lips or cheeks and the mandible or maxilla. The floor of the mouth is formed by the mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and digastric muscles, which attach to the mandible in the anterior and the hyoid bone in

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allowing and inhibition of the stable tonus in the cricopharyngeus effect opening of the pharyngoesophageal segment. D. Esophagus: The lower portion of the upper vertical subsystem of the swallowing system is the esophagus (Kennedy and Kent, 1985, 261). It extends from the lower boundary of the laryngopharynx to about the 11th thoracic vertebra. It has four constrictions along its length: at its upper end, 7cm inferiorly from where it crosses the aortic arch, 12.5 cm inferior to where it is crossed by the left bronchus, and where it pierces the diaphragm at its inferior termination. The esophagus is composed of a thick mucous membrane, a submucosal areolar layer, a muscular layer, and an external fibrous connective tissue sheath. Mucous glands lie within these tissues. The outer muscle layer is comprised of thick longitudinal fibers, and the inner layer of circular striated fibers in the upper third, and smooth muscle in the lower regions. The inner layer of muscle is continuous with the inferior constrictor at the upper end, and the circular fibers of the stomach at the lower end. The thick longitudinal muscle layer diverges into lateral fasciculi at the upper three to four cm. Valves at the upper and lower ends of the e
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