r differences in court, assuring the existence of sympathetic juries is often a primary objective of attorneys (Boybjerg, 1991, pp. 5-42). Jury bias is as an important an issue in civil case as it is in criminal cases.
The United States is a nation largely controlled by political elites. Cross-sectional representation on juries, far from promoting egalitarianism, often enables elites to manipulate the jury system for their own benefit (Josephs, 1992, pp. 1000-1028). Some jurors, therefore, may tend to be more sympathetic to defendants of their own kind, as noted by Justice Scalia (Marcotte, 1989, p. 41).
In defining the term "political elite," alternative models, of which there are several, that describe intrasocietal relationships should be considered (diZerega, 1991, p. 340-341). Two such models are the class model and the elite pluralist model. The class model assumes divisions within a society along the lines of those present in British society, in which the working class, as an under class, is pitted against a
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