Organic chemistry
This is an excerpt from the paper...
Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry dealing with carbon compounds. In all branches of chemistry, atoms are formed from a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons which are located in orbitals around the nucleus (3). Different orbitals have different shapes, and different energy levels. The lowest energy arrangement of an atom is called its ground-state electron configuration, and can be predicted because the lowest energy levels are filled first; there can be only two electrons per level; and if two or more empty orbitals of equal energy exist, one electron occupies each until all orbitals are half full (5). S orbitals are spherical and p orbitals are shaped like a dumbbell. There are two basic types of chemical bonds: ionic bonds, usually found in inorganic salts, and resulting from the unlike charges of the atoms in the molecules; and covalent bonds found in organic molecules, which involve the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms (7). Energy flows out of a chemical system when a bond is formed. Atoms bond together because the compound they form is more stable than the separate atoms. Electron sharing occurs when the orbitals of two atoms overlap. Head-on covalent bonds are called ? bonds, and covalent bonds formed by sideways overlap of p orbitals are called ? bonds. When organic compounds form single bonds, the carbon atom has four equivalent sp3 hybrid orbitals and has a tetrahedral geometry
. . .
The cycloalkanes have a ring structure formed by carbon atoms, and have the general formula CnH2n (55) Complete rotation is not possible around the carbon-carbon bonds in cycloalkanes so they do not have as much conformational mobility as other alkanes. Disusbstituted cycloalkanes can exist as cis-trans stereoisomers. In a cis isomer, both substituents are on the same side of the ring structure, while in trans isomers, they are on opposite sides of the ring structure.
Cyclohexanes are the most commonly found ring structures because they occur widely in nature. Cyclohexane occurs in a puckered chair conformation which is free of strain and in which all the bond angles are near to 1090, with all neighboring C-H bonds being staggered (58). In chair conformational cyclohexane there are two types of bonds: axial bonds are directed up and down, parallel to the ring; and equatorial bonds are in a belt around the ring's equator. In this conformation, a ring-flip can occur, and this interconverts the axial and equatorial positions. Substituents on the ring are more stable in the equatorial position than when they are in the axial position.
Chapter 3
Alkenes contain more than one carbon-carbon double bond, and so are
. . .
Some common words found in the essay are:
CnH2n+2 Alkanes, , Br2 Cl2, H+ Bronsted-Lowry, double bond, carbon atom, HBr HCl, organic molecules, double bonds, bonds carbon, covalent bonds, carbon atom equivalent, ring structure, activation energy, chemical reaction, atom equivalent, bonds carbon atom, substituents double bond, exist cis-trans stereoisomers, cis trans isomers,
Approximate Word count = 1981
Approximate Pages = 8 (250 words per page)
|
Customer Service
to Over
32,000 Professionally Written Papers!!!
