nteal dangers; dangerous military activigies are found close to Native American habitats. Thus, racism against the Native American prevailed at this time and yet this was viewed as appropriate by the in-group.
Williams and Johnson (2000) reported that racism has been and continues to be an issue in America, influencing public policy and other issues. These authors conducted a survey using data from the Harry S. Truman Library in Independence, Missouri and examined factors related to the decline in liberalism following World War II. Findings from this analysis demonstrated that race was a major factor in the U.S. that influenced the passing of programs and policies. Racial factors dominated in Congress before other issues could be a focus. Thus, racial prejudice and discrimination existed and continue to be related to problems such as aggression, violence, and war.
Vaes, Paladino, Castelli, Leyens, and Giovanazzi (2003) reported on the consequences of emotions related to intergroup relations noting that people discriminate against the out-group. People view their own group as the center of everything (ethnocentrism) and they view all else as the others. This theory is used to explain behaviors such as intergroup aggression, exploitation, genocide, moral exclusion, and war. People view their own group as having human qualities and fail to attribute human characteristics to the out-group. Favoritism is found in the in-group and this group is viewed as more intelligent and having more positive emotions. Attitudinal and behavioral consequences of this in- and out-group stance include racism, prejudice, and discrimination. Vaes et al. studied a group of 410 scientists from different universities who analysed 400 email messages related to out-group discrimination. Findings showed that a lost email that included the expression of a uniquely human emotion resulted in nicer replies if the sender was from an in-group, compare...