method introduced into the study of psychology following the rise of experimental science in the nineteenth century contributed to the validation of psychology as a science (McGuigan, 2000).
During the First World War, psychologists developed psychological tests for use by the United States Army the measure the intelligence of recruits. The tests measured innate intelligence, as opposed to learned skills. The experience of the United States Army with psychological tests led to the development and use of such tests in other fields after the war, such as education, employment, and immigration law (Sokol, 1984).
Even at this early stage in the development of psychological tests, there were adverse implications for multicultural issues. The psychological testing of the United States Army recruits found that, on average, native born Americans of European heritage were more intelligent than Black Americans and immigrants in the United States population (Sokol, 1984). It seems apparent to some later day researchers that the design
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