nclude, but are not limited to, slapping, kicking, punching, hitting, stomping, shoving, and sexual assault that result in physical trauma for the victim (Hastings, 2001).
Patterns of Trauma Experience in Domestic Violence
Domestic violence is a pattern of assault or coercive behaviors that may include physical, sexual, emotional, or psychological attacks against an intimate partner. Because of the high proportion of female victims (90 percent or more), the general perception of domestic violence is that it is a phenomenon of the victimization of women by men (Hastings, 2001).
The Bureau of Justice Statistics (2000) estimates that 85-to-95 percent of domestic assault victims and two-thirds of dom
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