A creatinine molecule
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9.1 A creatinine molecule would enter the glomerulus in the blood via an afferent arteriole, and be filtered into the glomerular capsule, which is continuous with the renal tubule (Applegate, 2000, 376). It would flow down in the filtrate through the proximal convoluted tubule, down the descending limb into the loop of Henle, up the ascending limb and into the distal convoluted tubule. From here, it would enter a collecting duct which extends from the base of the pyramids to the renal papillae and flow through the collecting tube into the one of the minor calyces that surround the papillae. The creatinine molecule would then flow through a minor calyx into a major calyx, which would direct its flow into the ureter. 9.2 Plasma is the liquid portion of blood which contains roughly 90 percent water, and the remaining 10 percent is made up of over 100 different organic and inorganic solutes (Applegate, 2000, 227). These include proteins, globulins, and fibrinogen, as well as ions and nutrients. As blood flows through the kidney, about 19 percent of the plasma enters the glomerulus as a renal filtrate of blood (381). Blood cells and protein molecules are absent from the renal filtrate, and this is the difference between plasma and the renal filtrate if the kidney is functioning normally. The filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle consists of the epithelium of the capillary of the glomerulus and the endothelium of the capsule. The podocytes of the visceral layer o
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body water. The osmoreceptors also trigger the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin, from the posterior pituitary, which acts on the distal tubules of the kidney, which are normally impermeable to water, making them permeable to water so that water can be conserved (reabsorbed). When osmotic pressure returns to normal, the osmoreceptors are no longer stimulated, the ADH is turned off, and the person no longer feels thirsty.
10.2 Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata respiratory center are sensitive to the levels of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (Applegate, 2000, 321). If these levels increase, the receptors stimulate the respiratory center to increase the respiration rate and the depth of breathing so that more carbon dioxide can be exhaled. This returns the levels to normal. If the levels of carbon dioxide and hydrogen levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid are too low, then the opposite effect is elicited , and the rate and depth of breathing is decreased until the levels are returned to normal. These receptors do not respond to oxygen levels.
10.3 Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of cellular metabolism, and it diffuses from tissue cells into
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Some common words found in the essay are:
Romrell Kaye, Cohen Wood, , applegate 2000, carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, secondary oocyte, Type IV, primary oocytes, romrell kaye 1995, romrell kaye, kaye 1995, Wilkins Tamarkin, ross romrell, blood ph, active transport, ross romrell kaye, Ross Romrell, active transport mechanisms, limb loop henle, excess hydrogen ions, References Applegate, Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia PA,
Approximate Word count = 3173
Approximate Pages = 13 (250 words per page)
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