progress. In his review of the rise of PC millionaire-innovators, Cringely comments that the more complex a software technology is, the more likely it is to remain in use for a long period, resisting innovation, because it is "too complex to change" (1996, p. 145). An old example of the kinds of management issues that can arise from inertia in the face of complex technology is the rivalry that developed between DOS-based, command-line-driven machines and the Macintosh OS, which was graphically driven. A graphical user interface made computers "more accessible to a less technical audience [which] . . . constituted an incomparably vaster market" (Stephenson, 1999, p. 19). Thus the rivalry between Windows and Mac computing platforms, which persists to the present day.
A result of dueling platforms is multiple replications of effort for the purposes of exploiting the same technology. From one point of view that inheres in lively market dynamics and sometimes healthy competition; such enterprises as Microsoft, Apple, and Sun Microsystems would therefore be e
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