nt and influential fixture in the discourse of alcohol-related behavior. As of 2000, some 600 local and state chapters were located in the United States and its territories operating under the auspices of the umbrella national organization located in suburban Dallas, Texas; MADD had begun in 1980 with only two chapters, one in California and one in Maryland.
Two issues immediately arise. One has to do with the rejoinder or response to criticism of MADD, not by the organization itself but on the part of and having the status of serious social science. A second has to do with other theories that might be brought to bear on any campaign impacted by social-science discourse of health and safety.
Critiques of MADD's effective exploitation of the tactics of emotional appeal have themselves been addressed by other researchers. An indicative response to such critiques can be seen in a 1989 account of the results of a questionnaire survey of MADD chapter officers (Bloch & Ungerleider, 1989). The researchers requested "victimization status" of chapter members
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