lso published in 1829; this document "contains the most all-embracing black nationalist formulation to appear in America during the nineteenth century" (Stuckey 9).
Black nationalism during the nineteenth century was influenced by many developments and intellectual currents. The establishment of the American Colonization Society came early in the century and led to the formation of its colony, Liberia, which became independent in 1847. The passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850 led to a resurgence of black nationalism, and emigration schemes were offered by the American Colonization Society and other colonization societies. Africa was one site considered, but so was Haiti. The decade before the Civil War was the high-water mark of classical black nationalism. In the latter part of the century black nationalism was influenced by Darwinian science and by Victorian conceptions of virtue. The turn of the century was the era of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois, who hoped to establish a black technocracy called the "Talented Tenth" (Moses 26-28).
Franklin and Moss point out that the process of seeking liberation was started by blacks even before the War for Independence when slaves in Massachusetts "brought actions against their masters for the freedom they regarded as their inalienable right" (Franklin and Moss 178). Strong denunciations against slavery emerged before 1800 from leaders such as Prince Hall, Benjamin Banneker, Absalom Jones, and
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