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had brought Americans to the brink of mass disillusionment" (5-6). Political campaigns themselves have become dominated by the presence of television and the other mass media. They have become extraordinarily expensive. According to Paul Johnson, the average congressperson spent $52,000 on his election campaign in 1974, $557,400 in 1992 (949). The power of the old political parties, the Republicans and Democrats, which in many ways seemed indistinguishable from each other, had declined, but they had largely been replaced by powerful interest groups of all kinds, r

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