nalists such as Casely Hayford and Attoh Aduma. It was after this that he returned to Jamaica with great enthusiasm and founded the organization for which he would become known.
At the time when Garvey came to America, the Pan-African movement was in its formative stage. Different forms of black nationalism had been proposed since early in the nineteenth century. Black nationalism emerged in response to the desire to escape from the confines of the majority and racist society in the United States, and often the movement looked to Africa as the homeland of blacks and as a possible place where a new black society could be created, as was indeed attempted in Liberia. Black nationalism has been described as "the conglomeration of efforts of blacks to resolve problems of cultural identity and sociopolitical weakness as blacks." Black nationalism has a long history as a political movement and had a particular power in the U.S. both before and after the Civil War because of slavery and all the evils that institution visited on blacks in America. Many "free" and slave blacks became dedicated to the idea of liberation with the American Revolution and
...