Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Nine TS subjects had mosaic 45, X karyotypes, and nine had non-mosaic 45, X. The TS group had significantly lower scores than the controls for all the Wechsler adult intelligence scale tests, except those for verbal comprehension and reading level. The greatest difference was in the visuospatial construction. The TS subjects also had a greater discrepancy than the controls between verbal and performance intelligence quotients. The TS subjects also had significantly smaller values than the controls in MRI-measured volumes of hippocampus, caudate, lenticular, and thalamic nuclei, and parieto-occipital brain matter, on both sides.

From this study, researchers postulated that in human beings the X chromosome plays an important part in the development and ageing of gray matter in the striatum, diencephalon, and cerebral hemispheres. However, other studies have shown that female TS subjects compare favorably in areas of educational achievement, occupational status, and personal happiness. In addition, the controversy over

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l as factor deviation quotients, summarizing performance on tests of verbal comprehension, immediate verbal memory span and arithmetic, and visuospatial construction. Asymmetry of cognitive ability (L-R hemisphere function) was assessed as verbal minus performance IQ. Memory was tested with the Wechsler memory scale. To reduce the chance of spurious findings caused by differences in education, cognitive test scores were converted to Z scores before statistical comparison. The Z score expresses the difference between the obtained score and the expected score based on a multiple regression equation that used age, education, and performance on a test of oral reading (the wide range achievement test) as predictors. The equation was derived from a sample of 210 healthy subjects aged 20-93 years (Murphy & et.al., 1993, p. 1198). At the start of the study, researchers decided to carry out two between-group comparisons; the first to assess mean differences between healthy controls and all TS subjects, and the second to explore the effect of X-chromosome variation on brain structure and function by comparing healthy controls, women with 45, X TS, and women with mosaic TS. Of the TS subjects, nine had the 45, X karyotype, and nine
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Approximate Word count = 1495
Approximate Pages = 6 (250 words per page)

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