basic operations to fulfill their needs, and the use of market dynamics (i.e., competition and customer choice) to create incentives for success. Employee empowerment refers to the decentralization of authority, whereby workers will be empowered to increase participatory decision-making and problem-solving. Re turn to the basics refers to the abandonment of obsolete policies and procedures, the elimination of duplication, and the termination of special interest privileges. When instituted, these four prin ciples will make government organizations successful by means of fa cilitating increased efficiencies and effectiveness, which are sim ilar to the focus of TQM.
Despite some of the differences between the above-noted defi nitions of TQM, and derivatives thereof, there is the clear need on the part of both private and public managers to closely examine this construct and apply it to their workplaces. Moreover, the ap plying managers must comprehend that the institution of TQM neces sarily integrates a number of management theories, inclu
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