basis of academic merit, and merit alone. In the same manner, people will display a range of mental abilities as evidenced by intelligence tests.
In fact, however, intelligence tests have been used to stream individuals on the basis of their presupposed ability to succeed at a certain level. Advanced placement on the basis of "Intelligence Quotient," or "I.Q." is in itself an advantage. In addition, it will become more apparent that intelligence tests have been extremely culturally biased--well-off white, native students fared better than their minority or foreign counterparts, largely due to cultural bias.
Historically, educational psychologists have
...