e either positive or negative. Thus, depending upon the situation and upon the desired behavior, an appropriate stimulus might be either the introduction of a factor into an organism's environment a positive reinforcement, or the with drawal of a factor from an organism's environment a negative reinforcement. Skinner (1974) also theorized that the tools of positive and negative reinforcement satiation and deprivation may increase the strength of many types of behaviors simul taneously. It is, thus, essential to carefully examine (1) desired outcomes, and (2) relationships between stimuli and behaviors, before (3) adopting a teaching strategy. Learning, importantly, is controlled by both social and non social condi tions. Applications of the principles in teaching strategies, thus, vary according to both subject matter and individual stu dent characteristics. The von Restorff studies reported in 1933, for the first time, relied heavily on statistical analysis to measure the impact of a specific factor on learning (Wallace, 1965).
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