s environment a negative reinforcement. Skinner also theorized that the tools of positive and negative reinforcement satiation and deprivation may increase the strength of many types of behaviors simultaneously. It is, thus, according to Skinner, essential to carefully examine desired outcomes, and relationships between stimuli and behaviors, before adopting a motivation strategy.
Maslow's motivation theory was his hierarchy of needs. The hierarchy divides human needs into higher and lower orders. The lower order needs are primary, such as food, shelter, sex, and physical security, while the higher order needs involve love for other and self actualization. When the lower order needs are absent in the life of an individual, the satisfaction of those needs become the center of the individual's life. In most modern societies, however, the primary needs are satisfied. Thus, real motivation especially within organizational structures results from individual desires to satisfy their higher order needs.
Herzberg developed a theory of motivation the two factor model which is often confused with Maslow's hierarchy of needs. The two factor model divided the factors involved in an individual's organizational life into hygiene factors and motivation factors. Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's two factor model are not identical. Herzberg included such factors as compensation, working conditions, an so forth in the hygiene group. An unsatisfactory status of any of these hygiene factors could, thus, result in a disincentive for the individual to perform productively. By contrast, however, a satisfactory status for the factors would not motivate the individual to exceptional levels of performance. Herzberg's motivational factors included such things as opportunities to achieve, opportunities to gain responsibility, and so forth, in the organizational life of an individual, the absence of which would not result in a...