virtue. The turn of the century was the era of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois, who hoped to establish a black technocracy called the "Talented Tenth" (Moses, 1978, pp. 26-28).
Black nationalism had another major resurgence in the 1960s when a large number of black organizations were formed. This tendency to organize was a new political phenomenon for blacks, at least at this level, and the new organizations were more successful than the older ones in providing sustained input into the federal policymaking process. This was an era of increasing racial consciousness resulting from the Civil Rights movement and the Black Nationalist movement (Gurin, Hatchett, and Jackson, 1989, p. 46). One of the most important movements of the time was the Nation of Islam. Martin Luther King Jr. was the leader of the Civil Rights Movement, and Malcolm X would become the leader and icon of the Black Nationalist movement as spokesperson for the Nation of Islam. He was a minister for the Nation of Islam and preached a message of black nationhoo
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