ting the ineffective and inaccurate use of signs. They equated the failure to master verbal language, leading to poor academic performance, with the failure to master nonverbal language, leading to poor social performance.
There also seems to be a position that differs slightly from the other two in finding the total communication system as including both verbal and nonverbal components. Whether that is subsumed under the heading of language does not seem as relevant as the consideration of its contribution to meaning. Patnaik (1995) noted that words by themselves are not the sole contributor to the creation of meaning, whether in verbal or written language. Instead, as he termed it, not wores provide a context modifiers, intensifiers, and other aspects in the creation of meaning within a whole system.
Perhaps the most persuasive position is that of Burling. There does seem to be increasing evidence that nonverbal communication systems, or gesture call systems in Burling's terminology, are similar to those of other ani
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