Themes of Schools of Liberalism
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Liberalism or liberal democracy emerged as the political, economic, and social orthodoxy in most European countries from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, and continues to function as a political cultural, social, and intellectual orthodoxy in the mid- and late 20th century. However, liberalism has not remained static in character during this period. Instead, it has evolved according to the circumstance and changing values of contemporary times. Historians of philosophy have separated the evolution of liberalism into two schools. The first or original school has been labeled classical liberalism and is characterized by concerns for the equal rights of individuals (especially legal rights), the right to pursuit of free market and material gain, the judgment of individuals based on merit, the protection of rights of property, and an emphasis on moral and social responsibility. By the mid-twentieth-century, it had evolved into modern liberalism which emphasized the role of the state in regulating the welfare of the community. Modern liberalism de-emphasizes the role of the individual and emphasize the collective nature of classes and groups in the 20th century. In fact many of the themes of the classical school of liberalism would be rejected by modern liberals who realized they no longer fit the new social, political, and economic realities created by the dawning of industrialization. This paper will analyze the themes whi
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hts (Perry, Peden, & Von Laue, 1995, 199). Finally, Mill warns that European societies are losing out by not accepting the contributions women have to offer in terms of improving society through participation in the political process (Perry, Peden, & Von Laue, 1995, 201).
Mill anticipates later liberals who are not satisfied with the populations left in misery or without representation by classical liberalism. He would insist that governments had an obligation to help those who were not benefited by free market policies (Noble, et al., 1994, 875). In fact Mill would begin to move toward socialist philosophy near the end of his illustrious career as it became more and more obvious that classical liberal theories could not address problems associated with the new industrial era such as increased urban sprawl and poverty, child labor, unsafe labor conditions, and the growth of unsanitary conditions in urban areas (Noble, et al., 1994, 875).
Modern Liberalism
To a great degree modern liberalism was a response to the new age of industrialism which swept the western world during the latter half of the 19th-century and into the 20th-century. Modern liberalism was also a response to the realization by many liberals that the tradition
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Approximate Word count = 4035
Approximate Pages = 16 (250 words per page)
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