nvestigation, Patterson (1977) conducted two studies (one in the laboratory with 48 undergraduates and one in the field with 28 pairs of adults) to examine for relationships between personal space and paralingual behavior. In the study, seating distance was manipulated in the laboratory as a function of the subject's own feeling of comfort. Results were said to indicate that closer approaches produced a reduction of eye contact with an interviewer and less directly confronting body orientations, but no changes in body lean.
The second study was conducted in the field to eliminate a potential artifact in the distance-body orientation relationship in the first study. Results showed that pairs of subjects, observed in standing interactions, also chose less directly confronting orientations with closer approaches.
Coutts and Schneider (1975) the visual behavior of male, female, and mixed sex dyads in a waiting room situation. Subjects in the study were 40 male and 40 female undergraduates.
Findings showed that amount of visual behavior decreased over time and
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