s largely confined to expanding consumer industries such as food processing and textiles. Over a million Turkish workers provided temporary labor in Europe and sent remittances home.
This pattern of growth continued until 1977-1978. During 1975 and 1976 very high annual rates of GNP growth, 8.9 percent, were achieved (114). However, much of Turkish industry was becoming more and more inefficient and uncompetitive in world markets and exports declined. Pitman said Turkish economic policy suffered from an
"allocation of an ever greater share of resources to public enterprises . . . high levels of subsidies kept inefficient, over-manned state enterprises in operation and maintained costly regional development schemes that lacked any real economic potential" (78).
According to Hale, "over the years the public sector mainly functioned to provide political patronage. Ruling parties filled the . . . SEEs with supporters and adjusted the prices charged to the public to suit their electoral convenience" (56). Issawi said that although public expenditures on infra
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