Computed Tomography in Dentistry
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In conventional radiology, anatomy is depicted in only two dimensions. The depth or thickness of structures cannot be measured on projection images. For a comprehensive evaluation of morphology of a structure, data related to the third dimension are essential. For nearly three quarters of a century, multiple, different angle views were used in routine radiography to gain three-dimensional perception of structures through triangulation. In a continuing quest for methods to access data in the third dimension, techniques such as stereoscopic pair image acquisition and tomography were developed. Although they were highly valuable technical advancements, they still could not provide accurate quantitative information in all three dimensions of a volume structure. Projection images were subject to optical distortions such as those caused by geometric magnification and penumbra (Yune,1993, p. 613). The mathematical concept behind computed tomography (CT) was first described in 1917 by the mathematician Radon who showed that a two-dimensional or three dimensional object could be reconstructed from the infinite set of all its projections. About 40 years later, this concept was proposed for use in radiology. In 1969, Godfrey Hounsfield, a researcher working for EMI Limited in England, developed a prototype scanner based on the principle of image reconstruction, for which he and Allen Cormack received a Nobel Prize in 1979. The first clinical
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CT solves the problem of superimposition by allowing the clinician to view a series of thin sections, 1.5 to 10 mm thick depending on the anatomic region, completely through the area of interest. Each layer can be viewed sequentially so the clinician can determine the full extent of the pathology. With CT, axial or cross-sectional images are made routinely because of the arrangement of the detectors around the patients body and the computer processing of the detector signals. Other imaging planes can be obtained directly by repositioning the patient within the scanner or by tilting the gantry, the donut-shaped portion of the scanner that houses the x-ray scanner and detectors. CT imaging also be used to differentiate soft tissue from bone, and various types of soft tissue from each other. Thus, tumors can be distinguished from normal tissue parenchyma because the neoplastic process causes enough tissue change to be detectable on CT (Brooks,1993, pp. 576-8).
Indicated Applications of CT in Dentistry
A very important use in dentistry is the evaluation of the presence and extent of clinically suspected pathology in the head and neck, including tumors, cysts, and infections. Generally, a clinician examining a patient
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Approximate Word count = 1200
Approximate Pages = 5 (250 words per page)
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