isolation and diminished independence; increased stimulation in life circumstances; consideration of psychotherapeutic options; and possible psychiatric consultation and pharmacotherapy (Martin, Fleming, & Evans, 1995).
Lobo, Saz, Marcos, Dia, and De-la-Camara (1995) also reported on prevalence of depression in the elderly as well as its association with dementia. The authors conducted a study of 1,134 elderly (449 men and 685 women) from a Spanish-speaking country and a southern European community. Research instruments included the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Geriatric Mental State Schedule-Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy package, and the History and Aetiology Schedule. Results demonstrated that depressive disorders were found in 4.8 percent of the elderly; 5.5 percent had a dementing disorder. Case levels of depression were found in 25.4 percent of the demented cases, and case levels of organic disturbance (cognitive disturbances) were found in 18.2 percent of major depression cases. Dep
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