3 Pre-Scientific Societies

The New Text School in China was dominant throughout most of the Former Han dynasty and was given its name only later in apposition to the Old Text school, which rose to prominence in the time of Christ and gained ascendance through the Later Han dynasty. By "old" text the name means that the work was written in the archaic and obsolete script of the Chou dynasty, while the New Text was written in the newer form of scripts then in use. There were wide ideological differences between the two schools:

Textually speaking, the New Text school's version of the classics is generally considered more authentic than that of the Old Text school. Ideologically speaking, however, the New Text school tended toward various superstitious excesses (such as the belief that Confucius was a supernatural being) which were shunned by the more rationalistic and sober minded Old Text school.

The important concepts embodied in the New Text school include elements of Chinese cosmology and the tr

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various entities, processes, and classes of phenomena in the human world. In ancient Chinese philosophy, the void and boundless state which prevailed before the world was created and from which the universe was formed was known as Wu-Chi, or the ultimate nothingness. In this early state, while it is said there is nothing, there is certainly something, though unformed. it cannot be comprehended rationally, and its existence is only implied. It has form and yet is unformed. Ancient Chinese philosophers called it the phenomenon of nothingness, or "thing of none." Everything in the universe, including yin and yang, evolves continually from this unperceivable source. When something arises from this nothing, the nothing no longer exists and the state of Tai-Chi begins. Tai-Chi is the source of yin and yang. This philosophical structure applies to human relationships and behavior as well as to the creation of the universe: The relationship between a person and a piano is Wu-Chi if the person has no intention to play it. When the person starts to play the piano or has the intention to play, the relationship becomes Tai-Chi. Wu-Chi then exists before anything happens, for even the intention to act arises from Wu-Chi. There
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Approximate Word count = 2032
Approximate Pages = 8 (250 words per page)

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