or modification approaches, such as modeling, operant conditioning, reciprocal inhibition, biofeedback, aversive conditioning of discrete behaviors
? usually, no use of the mother-tongue permitted deductive teaching of grammar
? sequencing of skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, rather than simultaneous use of all production skills
? meaning secondary to paradigm learning
? product orientation as opposed to process orientation
The Humanistic Approach came about as a violent reaction to the lack of affective and humane considerations of the Behavioral Approach, against its materialistic and mechanistic philosophy and methodology. It was also a reaction against the grammar translation method with its emphasis on reading rather than speaking, on relying on the native language to learn the new language, on the separation from the social and cultural context of the target language into the artificial and sterile world of the classroom. The Humanistic Approach is characterized by
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