exists (roughly 1.0 - 1.33) because velocity is not uniform throughout the flow, varying from zero or a low value near the boundary to its maximum at mid-depth and mid-width in a filled conduit. ,
Comparison of Eqn. 7 with Eqn. 6 indicates that momentum (at point 2, for example) is: the flow (Q = A1V1 = A2V2) of an incompressible fluid, which water is usually considered to be, times ¯?V2. The momentum equation in the x-direction:
and one each in the y- and z-directions, as needed, are applied to: the forces on pipe elbows, the thrust provided by a propeller, and the changes in water depth (and velocity) within a hydraulic jump below a dam spillway.
Energy dominates fluid mechanics applications, principally through repeated usages of the general energy equation, the Euler equation(s), and
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