or Dr. Luis Carranza was the first to describe the phenomenon of the change in direction of the prevailing current. In 1891, Senor Dr. Luis Carranza, then President of the Lima Geographical society, observed that at the times the counter-current was in effect, rains would occur at latitudes where rain seldom fell on the Peruvian coast. He acknowledged the correlation between the increased rainfall and the counter-current along the coast and the importance these two events had on the local climate (6, 1). The effects of the El Nio current are still being discerned for the global climate.
The El Nio phenomenon is affected by atmospheric and oceanographic conditions. The understanding of the ENSO phenomenon began with the work of Sir Gilbert Walker. He was motivated not by El Nio but by the cycle of monsoon failures which were devastating to India. He set out to find a way to predict the interannual variations of the monsoons. Walker was aware of the evidence that interannual pressure fluctuations over the Indian Ocean and eastern tropical
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