e whole southern half of the peninsula" (p. 123). Higgins says that "in Mustafa Kemal the Turkish Army had discovered a great tactical presence" (Higgins, 1963, p. 183). Rallying his troops with an attack and die order, Kemal ordered up reinforcements even though he had no authority to do so. He led his men in suicidal headlong charges which drove the Australians down the hill. On this and on many other occasions at Gallipoli, Kemal displayed a courage bordering on a fanaticism which was of "a cold and calculating kind" (Moorehead, 1956, p. 270). He later led personally on August 10, 1915 another downhill charge which broke the back of the Allies' attempts to move inland after their second major landing at Suvla Bay. After that, "not a single height of importance . . . was in British hands" (p. 273).
Kemal's successful defense at Gallipoli propelled him into national prominence. He was criticized by Minister of War Enver for squandering the
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